Officially, you’re supposed to build a customer docker image when you push a docker-based deployment which includes custom apps. The fact that you’re running bench commands manually inside the images seems to betray that you’re trying to install an app into an existing image. The main problem with this (among others) is that the apps folder in the image isn’t persistent, and will not survive image updates, besides the fact that it’s actually it’s not made to be possible at all.
That said, Frappe does maintain a frappe/bench image which is officially designed for local development only. I managed to get this image working with a docker-compose.yml in a way which does allow the installation of apps similar to your attempts above, and without needing to build a custom image.
You can check out my work here: GitHub - Avunu/frappe-bench-docker: Deploy persistent docker-powered frappe sites without building custom images.
YMMV