The last folder checked for configurations files is /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d which contains a conf file overwritting what has already been loaded from /etc/mysql/conf.d/barracuda.cnf. E.g the output of mysqld --print-defaults shows you have multiple definitions of --collation_server=* the last of which is not correct. (only the last definition is used if there are multiple definitions).
The solution would be to move /etc/mysql/conf.d/barracuda.cnf to /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/barracuda.cnf so that your custom options are read last.
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