You can achieve this via the following Client Script:
frappe.ui.form.on("MY DOCTYPE", {
refresh: function (frm) {
const attach_field = frm.fields_dict["MY FIELDNAME"];
attach_field.on_attach_click = function () {
attach_field.set_upload_options();
attach_field.upload_options.restrictions.allowed_file_types = [
"application/xml",
"text/xml",
];
attach_field.file_uploader = new frappe.ui.FileUploader(attach_field.upload_options);
};
}
});
Tested on develop
/ v16.