There is site configuration option db_host (like db_username and db_password). Ideally, you would want the whole bench to use a common db host, so there’s a command bench set-mariadb-host that sets this value in common_site_config.json.
You can run bench set-mariadb-host after moving the database to another server and the system will use the new db host. Or you can skip bench setup in the installation script and run bench set-mariadb-host before you install the first site.