Development workflow for create new app for exiting erpnext project

Login to your ERPNext and download backups. Or take backups through docker commands frappe_docker/docs/site-operations.md at main · frappe/frappe_docker · GitHub.
Once the backup is taken it is available in download backups page in Frappe/ERPNext.
read more here Backup & Restore

Check frappe_docker/development at main · frappe/frappe_docker · GitHub, mac + docker had some problems Docker tuning for MacOS

You need to install the module/app created onto the same database/site. Apps

for docker you need to build your own production docker images https://github.com/frappe/frappe_docker/blob/develop/docs/custom-apps-for-production.md

Use your strength. Make a separate frontend in framework of your choice and just connect to frappe/erpnext using ReST API.

Check these (currently they are non-docker setups, can be containerized if you know about docker)

It is really complex to start bench on development as well as production setup. You need to spend time on it. Lot of resources and answers are available on forum that will help.